![]() The application of nickel and aluminium powders in unconstrained format, meaning not as fluxed cored wire or as metal cored wire, is used to simplify weld metal alloying. Nickel alloying of the weld metal via solid weld wire presents several difficulties as highlighted previously, such as work hardening of the solid weld wire in manufacturing and feeding through the SAW wire feeding mechanism, and expensive and time consuming manufacturing of multiple weld wire formulations. Nickel alloying of carbon steel is used to enhance steel strength and toughness. Special focus was put on the phase evolution, its governing factors, and the effect on slag viscosity. The subsequently presented research on crystallization and the effect of P2O5 was centered on conducting slag viscosity measurements, recreating the conditions of said measurement in a quench oven, and analyzing the resulting quench samples via the mentioned analysis methods. All conclusions concerning the full scale gasifier slags were based on XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDX analyses coupled with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations via FactSage. Finally, the emerging interest in sewage sludge upcycling via gasification necessitated an investigation on the influence of adding P2O5 as slag constituent. Based on this knowledge as well as the current literature, the effect of crystallization was identified as crucial for understanding slag behavior and is analyzed during cooldown. B4C showed the best result.īy analyzing process samples full and pilot scale gasifiers, the main influences affecting their slag are identified. ![]() A series of hot tests were carried out by reacting synthesized refractories in which a certain amount of the candidates were blended. ![]() It was found that B4C was the best candidate thanks to its anti-hydration character, high-temperature stability, and the extent of absorbing CO gas. Al4C3, B4C, CaC2, and Al were considered as the candidates for CO absorbers. This decreased the thickness of the reoxidation reaction product layer at the interface between the refractory and the steel, which could play as the initial clog deposit. A concept of “CO absorber” was proposed to absorb the generated CO gas back into the refractory, thereby suppressing the reoxidation. The CO gas then reoxidized Ti-ULC steel, and a mixture of alumina and FetO–Al2O3–TiOx liquid oxide formed, which was reported to be an initial clog deposit. ![]() SiO2 and C in usual nozzle refractories proceeded a carbothermic reaction, which generated the CO gas. A series of experiments and thermodynamic analyses were carried out to find a countermeasure to prevent submerged entry nozzle clogging during continuous casting of Ti-added ultra-low C (Ti-ULC) steel, by suppressing CO gas generation in the nozzle refractory. ![]()
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